One of the Most Important Twentieth-century Developments for the Family Has Been

The Decline of the Traditional Family

One parent households, cohabitation, same sexual activity families, and voluntary childless couples are increasingly common.

Learning Objectives

Summarize the prevalence of single parents, cohabitation, same-sexual activity couples, and unmarried individuals

Primal Takeaways

Central Points

• 1 recent trend illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of single-parent families.
• Cohabitation is an intimate relationship that includes a common living identify and which exists without the benefit of legal, cultural, or religious sanction.
• While homosexuality has existed for thousands of years among human beings, formal marriages between homosexual partners is a relatively recent phenomenon.
• Voluntary childlessness in women is divers as women of childbearing historic period who are fertile and do non intend to take children.

Key Terms

• cohabitation: An emotionally and physically intimate human relationship that includes a common living place and which exists without legal or religious sanction.
• Voluntary Childlessness: Women of childbearing historic period who are fertile and do non intend to take children, women who accept called sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile just chose not to have children.

Family structures of some kind are plant in every society. Pairing off into formal or informal marital relationships originated in hunter-gatherer groups to forge networks of cooperation beyond the firsthand family. Intermarriage betwixt groups, tribes, or clans was often political or strategic and resulted in reciprocal obligations between the two groups represented past the marital partners. Withal, marital dissolution was non a serious problem as the obligations resting on marital longevity were not especially loftier.

1 Parent Households

One contempo trend illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of single-parent families. While somewhat more common prior to the twentieth century due to the more than frequent deaths of spouses, in the belatedly nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the nuclear family became the societal norm in most Western nations. But what was the prevailing norm for much of the twentieth century is no longer the actual norm, nor is it perceived as such.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the change in the economical structure of the Us –-the inability to support a nuclear family unit on a single wage–-had significant ramifications on family life. Women and men began delaying the age of commencement matrimony in society to invest in their earning power before marriage past spending more time in school. The increased levels of pedagogy among women, with women now earn more than than 50% of bachelor's degrees, positioned women to survive economically without the back up of a husband. By 1997, 40% of births to unmarried American women were intentional and, despite a still prominent gender gap in pay, women were able to survive every bit single mothers.

Cohabitation

Cohabitation is an intimate human relationship that includes a common living identify and which exists without the benefit of legal, cultural, or religious sanction. Information technology tin be seen every bit an culling grade of wedlock, in that, in practice, it is similar to marriage, but information technology does not receive the same formal recognition past religions, governments, or cultures. The cohabiting population, although inclusive of all ages, is mainly made upwardly of those betwixt the ages of 25 and 34. In 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau reported 4.85 million cohabiting couples, up more than than ane,000% from 1960, when at that place were 439,000 such couples. More than half of couples in the U.s.a. lived together, at least briefly, before walking downward the aisle.

Same- Sex Unions

While homosexuality has existed for thousands of years amid human beings, formal marriages between homosexual partners is a relatively recent phenomenon. Every bit of 2009, merely two states in the U.s. recognized marriages betwixt same-sexual activity partners, Massachusetts and Iowa, where same-sex marriage was formally immune as of May 17, 2004 and April 2009, respectively. Three additional states allow aforementioned-sex civil unions, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Vermont. Between May 2004 and December 2006, 7,341 same-sex couples married in Massachusetts. Assuming the percentage of homosexuals in Massachusetts is like to that of the rest of the nation, the above number indicates that 16.7% of homosexuals in Massachusetts married during that time. Massachusetts is also the state with the lowest divorce charge per unit.

Aforementioned sex couples, while becoming increasingly more common, all the same only business relationship for well-nigh 1 percentage of American households, according to 2010 Census data. About 0.5 per centum of American households were same-sex activity couples in 2000, so this number has doubled, and it is expected to standing increasing past the next Census data.

Childfree Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is defined as women of childbearing age who are fertile and exercise not intend to have children, women who have called sterilization, or women by childbearing age who were fertile just chose not to take children. Individuals can too exist "temporarily childless" or do not currently take children just want children in the time to come. The availability of reliable contraception along with back up provided in quondam age by systems other than traditional familial ones has made childlessness an pick for some people in developed countries. In most societies and for most of human being history, choosing to exist childfree was both hard and undesirable. To accomplish the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.

Household types in the United states in 2006: This figure shows that roughly 5% of households in the United States are made up of cohabiting couples of various types: heterosexual, gay, or, lesbian.

Change in Marriage Rate

Over the by iii decades, marriage rates in the The states have increased for all racial and ethnic groups.

Learning Objectives

Recognize changes in marriage patterns

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Marriage is a social union or legal contract betwixt people, called spouses, that creates kinship.
• Marriage laws have changed over the grade of United States history, including the removal of bans on interracial spousal relationship.
• Of all racial categories considered by the U.S. Demography, African-Americans have married the least.
• Of all racial categories considered by the U.S. Census, Hispanics have married the most.
• The boilerplate family income for married households is higher than the average family income of unmarried households. Yet, marriage rates have increased for poverty -stricken populations as well.

Key Terms

• nuptials: Matrimony ceremony; a ritual officially celebrating the beginning of a union.
• Wedlock Laws: The legal requirements that make up one's mind the validity of a wedlock.

Matrimony is a social matrimony or legal contract betwixt people, called spouses, that creates kinship. The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but is usually an establishment in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are best-selling. Such a spousal relationship is oftentimes formalized through a nuptials ceremony.

Marriage Rates in the United States

Spousal relationship laws have inverse over the course of United States history, including the removal of bans on interracial marriage. In the twenty-first century, laws have been passed enabling same-sex marriages in several states. Co-ordinate to the United states Census Bureau, 2,077,000 marriages occurred in the United States in 2009. The median age for the start marriage of an American has increased in recent years; the median age in the early 1970s was 21 for women and 23 for men, and rose to 26 for women and 28 for men past 2009. Equally of 2006, 55.7% of Americans age 18 and over were married. Co-ordinate to the 2008-2010 American Customs Survey 3-Year Estimates, males over the age of xv have married at a rate of 51.5%. Females over the age of 15 have married at a rate of 47.seven%. The separation rate is 1.8% for males and 0.one% for females.

Union Trends

African Americans have married the to the lowest degree of all of the major indigenous groups in the U.S., with a 29.nine% marriage charge per unit, but take the highest separation rate which is 4.5%. This results in a loftier percentage of unmarried mother households among African Americans compared with other ethnic groups (White, African American, Native Americans, Asian, Hispanic). This tin pb a kid to become closer to his/her mother, the simply caregiver. Withal i parent households are also more susceptible to economical difficulties. Native Americans take the second lowest marriage charge per unit at 37.9%. Hispanics accept a 45.1% marriage rate, with a 3.five% separation charge per unit.

In the United states, the ii ethnic groups with the highest spousal relationship rates included Asians with 58.5%, and Whites with 52.9%. Asians have the lowest charge per unit of divorce amid the chief groups with one.8%. Whites, African Americans, and Native Americans accept the highest rates of being widowed, ranging from 5%-6.v%. They likewise have the highest rates of divorce amid the iii, ranging from 11%-13%, with Native Americans having the highest divorce rate.

Marital Status in the United States Chart: This image depicts marital condition in the U.S.

According to the 2010 U.Southward. Census Bureau, the average family unit income is higher than previous years, at $62,770. Nevertheless, the pct of family households below the poverty line in 2011 was 15.1%, higher than in 2000 when it was xi.three%.

Unmarried Mothers

With the rise of single-parent households, single mothers have go more common in the Us.

Learning Objectives

Discuss the factors involved in the increasing number of single-parent households

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Ane recent trend illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of single-parent household.
• The expectation of unmarried mothers as primary caregiver is a part of traditional parenting trends between mothers and fathers.
• In the United States, 27% of single mothers live below the poverty line, as they lack the financial resources to support their children when the birth father is unresponsive.

Key Terms

• nuclear family unit: a family unit of measurement consisting of at most a male parent, mother and dependent children.
• Primary Caregiver: The person who takes primary responsibleness for someone who cannot care fully for themselves.

One recent trend illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of the single-parent household. While somewhat more common prior to the 20^th century due to the more than frequent deaths of spouses, the nuclear family became the societal norm in well-nigh Western nations. But what was the prevailing norm for much of the 20^th century is no longer the actual norm, nor is it perceived as such.

Since the 1960s, there has been a marked increment in the number of children living with a unmarried parent. The 1960 United States Census reported that 9% of children were dependent on a single parent; this number that has increased to 28% by the 2000 Usa Census. The spike was caused by an increment in unmarried pregnancies, which 36% of all births by single women, and to the increasing prevalence of divorces amidst couple.

The prevalence of unmarried mothers every bit chief caregiver is a function of traditional parenting trends betwixt mothers and fathers. In the United states, 27% of single mothers live below the poverty line, as they lack the fiscal resource to support their children when the nativity father is unresponsive. Although the public is sympathetic with low-wage single mothers, government benefits are fairly low. Many seek assistance past living with another adult, such equally a relative, fictive kin, or significant other. Divorced mothers who re-marry have fewer financial struggles than unmarried single mothers, who cannot work for longer periods of time without shirking their child-caring responsibilities. Unmarried mothers are thus more than likely to cohabit with some other adult. In the U.s.a., the rate of unintended pregnancy is college among unmarried couples than among married ones. In 1990, 73% of births to unmarried women were unintended at the time of formulation, compared to well-nigh 44% of births overall.

Unmarried Motherhood: Marisa Beagle, sophomore history major, and her daughter, Noelle, sit in the parking lot of the Salem Campus, where she attends schoolhouse 45 minutes away from her home in East Palestine, almost the Pennsylvania border. Marisa and Noelle, 18 months, live with Marisa's parents. A unmarried parent, Beagle says it's tough to attend school and heighten a daughter simultaneously, but with the support of her family, she's able to make it work.

The "Sandwich Generation" and Elder Care

Elderly intendance is the fulfillment of the special needs and requirements that are unique to senior citizens.

Learning Objectives

Describe the challenges of elderly care in the U.S.

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Sandwich generation is a generation of people who intendance for their aging parents while supporting their own children.
• Elderly intendance encompasses such services equally assisted living, adult twenty-four hour period care, long-term care, nursing homes, hospice care, and in-home care, as well as less formalized caretaking, such equally by an elder'south grown child.
• Given the choice, about elders would prefer to continue to alive in their own homes rather than move to an elder home or caretaking facility.
• Respite intendance allows caregivers the opportunity to go along vacation or a business trip and know that their elder has practiced quality temporary care. Without this help, the elder might have to move permanently to an outside facility.

Key Terms

• sandwich generation: The generation of persons who are the children of baby boomers, whose lifestyle is governed by the fact that they must simultaneously care for the needs of their children and their own elderly parents.
• Respite Care: Temporary care that allows caregivers the opportunity to go on holiday or a business trip and know that their elderberry has good quality temporary care, for without this assist the elder might accept to motility permanently to an outside facility.

Elderly care is the fulfillment of the special needs and requirements that are unique to senior citizens. This broad term encompasses such services as assisted living, adult day care, long-term intendance, nursing homes, hospice intendance, and in-domicile care. Considering of the broad variety of elderly care found globally, as well as dissimilar cultural perspectives on elderly citizens, the subject area cannot be limited to any i practice. For example, many countries in Asia use government-established elderly care quite infrequently, preferring the traditional methods of beingness cared for past younger generations of family unit members.

Elderly Care in the United States

The form of elderly care provided varies greatly among countries and is changing rapidly. According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, the older population—persons 65 years or older—numbered 39.6 1000000 in 2009. They represented 12.nine% of the U.S. population, or about one in every eight Americans. Past 2030, there will be about 72.1 million older persons, more than twice their number in 2000. In the U.s.a., most of the large multi-facility providers are publicly endemic and managed as for-profit businesses. Given the choice, most elders would prefer to keep to alive in their ain homes. Unfortunately, the bulk of elderly people gradually lose functioning ability and require either additional assistance in the home or a move to an eldercare facility. The adult children of these elders often face a difficult claiming in helping their parents make the right choices.

One relatively new service in the United States that can aid keep the elderly in their homes longer is respite intendance. This type of care allows caregivers the opportunity to become on vacation or a business trip and know that their elder has good quality temporary intendance. Without this assistance, the elderberry might accept to motility permanently to an outside facility. Another unique type of care cropping in U.S. hospitals is called acute care of elder units, or ACE units, which provide "a homelike setting" within a medical center specifically for the elderly.

The Sandwich Generation

The Sandwich generation is a generation of people who intendance for their crumbling parents while supporting their own children. Co-ordinate to the Pew Inquiry Center, just over one of every eight Americans aged 40 to threescore is both raising a child and caring for a parent, in improver to betwixt 7 to 10 million adults caring for their crumbling parents from a long distance.

Elderly Care: Wishaw General Hospital

Childless Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is divers every bit women of childbearing age who are fertile and do non intend to have children.

Learning Objectives

Discuss the factors involved in voluntary childlessness

Cardinal Takeaways

Primal Points

• To accomplish the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.
• The factors involved in voluntary childlessness include age, income, single condition, and higher pedagogy.
• Most societies place a high value on parenthood in adult life, so that people who remain childless intentionally are sometimes stereotyped every bit being "individualistic" people who avoid social responsibility and are less prepared to commit themselves to helping others.

Key Terms

• Childfree: Childfree (sometimes spelled child-costless), too known as voluntary childlessness, is a form of childlessness. Voluntary childlessness in women is divers as women of childbearing age who are fertile and exercise not intend to have children, women who have chosen sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile merely chose not to have children.
• sterilization: A process to permanently forestall an organism from reproducing.

Childless Couples

Voluntary childlessness in women is divers as women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to have children, women who have called sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile but chose not to accept children. Individuals can likewise exist "temporarily childless" but desire children in the future. The availability of reliable contraception forth with support provided in old age by systems other than traditional familial ones has made childlessness an pick for some people in developed countries. In most societies and for most of human history, choosing to be childfree was both difficult and undesirable. To attain the goal of remaining childfree, some individuals undergo medical sterilization or relinquish their children for adoption.

Factors Involved in Voluntary Childlessness

First, while younger women are more probable to be childless, older women are more likely to land that they intend to remain childless in the hereafter. Thus historic period plays a meaning role in the decision. Further, according to 2004 U.S. Census Bureau data, the proportion of childless women xv to 44 years old was 44.6%, upwards from 35% in 1976. The higher a adult female's income, the less likely she is to have children: Nearly one-half of women with annual incomes over $100,000 are childless. Third, being single is i of the strongest predictors of childlessness.

Research likewise suggests that married individuals who were concerned nearly the stability of their marriages were more than likely to remain childless. Most studies on this field of study detect that higher income predicted childlessness. However, some women report that the lack of financial resources was a reason why they decided to remain childless. Childless women in the adult world often express the view that women ultimately have to make a option between maternity and having a career. Lastly, the gamble of being childless was far greater for never married women (35 to 44 yrs erstwhile), 82.5% vs. ever-married (12.9%). Run a risk of childlessness (age 35 to 44) by didactics level: graduate or professional person degree (27.half dozen%) vs non high school graduate (13.5%), high school graduate (14.iii%), some college but no degree (24.seven%), associate degree (11.4%), and available's degree (eighteen.2%). The college the level of education, the more likely a woman is to remain childless.

Social Attitudes to Remaining Childless

Most societies place a high value on parenthood in adult life, and so that people who remain childless intentionally are sometimes stereotyped as being "individualistic" people who avoid social responsibility and are less prepared to commit themselves to helping others. With the appearance of environmentalism and concerns for stewardship, those choosing to not have children are likewise sometimes recognized as helping reduce our affect, such as members of the voluntary human extinction motion. Some childless individuals are sometimes applauded on moral grounds, such as members of philosophical or religious groups, like the shakers.

Voluntary Homo Extinction Movement: With the advent of environmentalism and concerns for stewardship, those choosing to not take children are besides sometimes recognized as helping reduce our affect, such as members of the voluntary human being extinction motion.

Some opponents of the childfree selection consider such a choice to be "selfish." The rationale of this position is the assertion that raising children is a very important activity. Proponents of child freedom posit that choosing not to have children is no more than or less selfish than choosing to take children. In fact, choosing to have children may exist the more than selfish choice, specially when poor parenting risks creating many long-term problems for both the children themselves and order at large.

Organizations and Political Activism

Childfree individuals practice not necessarily share a unified political or economic philosophy, and almost prominent childfree organizations tend to exist social in nature. Childfree social groups first emerged in the 1970s, most notable amid them The National System for Non-Parents and No Kidding! in North America. Numerous books have been written near childfree people and a range of social positions related to childfree interests have adult along with political and social activism in support of these interests. The term "childfree" was used in a July 3, 1972 Time article on the creation of the National System for Not-Parents. Information technology was revived in the 1990s when Leslie Lafayette formed a afterward childfree group, the Childfree Network.

Change in Household Size

Household models include the unmarried family unit and composite family dwelling, shared housing, and group homes for people with special needs.

Learning Objectives

Depict unlike household models

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• A shared business firm is a household in which a group of ordinarily unrelated people reside together.
• A grouping home is a private residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities or special needs. This type of home usually has a maximum of six residents and a trained caregiver available 24 hours a twenty-four hours.
• A boarding firm is a business firm in which lodgers rent ane or more rooms for one or more than nights, and sometimes for extended periods of weeks, months and years.
• People who live together in a shared house are called roommates.
• A unmarried room occupancy is a single room dwelling or a multiple-tenant building that houses i or ii people in individual rooms.

Key Terms

• Single Room Occupancy: A multiple-tenant building that houses i or ii people in individual rooms (or to the single room home itself).
• roommate: A person with whom i shares an apartment or house (United kingdom: flatmate or housemate).
• Group Abode: A private residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities. Typically there are no more than half dozen residents and at that place is a trained caregiver at that place twenty-four hours a solar day.

Household models in Anglophone civilisation include the single family unit and varieties of composite families, shared housing, and grouping homes for people with back up needs. Other models of living situations that may meet definitions of a household include boarding houses, a house in multiple occupations in United kingdom, and a single room occupancy in the U.s.a..

Shared Houses

A shared house is a household in which a group of oft-unrelated people reside together. The term generally applies to people living together in rental backdrop rather than in properties in which any resident is an owner-occupier. A shared firm is formed when a group of people move into a rental belongings; typically, one or more than of these people has applied to rent the holding through a real estate agent, been accustomed, and signed a charter. People who live together in a shared house are called roommates. In both adult and developing countries, shared housing is an increasingly popular household model. This is due to a diversity of economic and social changes, such as the failing affordability of home ownership, besides as delayed matrimony and decreasing marriage rates.

Group Homes

A group home is a private residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities. Group homes typically have a maximum of six residents and a trained, on-site caregiver available 24 hours a solar day. Residents of grouping homes usually take either a chronic mental disorder or a physical inability that prevents them from living independently. They demand regular assistance in social club to complete daily tasks, such as taking medication or bathing. Other residents may be developmentally disabled, recovering from booze or drug addiction, or abused, troubled, or neglected youths. Some residents have behavioral issues that are potentially dangerous to themselves or others and require abiding supervision. Since the 1970s, grouping homes have assumed the role of earlier institutions such equally asylums, poorhouses, and orphanages.

Boarding Houses

In a boarding firm, lodgers rent one or more than rooms for a menstruation ranging from 1 night to weeks, months, or fifty-fifty years. Common areas of the house are maintained and services similar laundry and cleaning may be provided. Boarding houses unremarkably offering bed and board, or at least some meals as well equally adaptation. Formerly, boarders would typically share washing, breakfast, and dining facilities; in contempo years, individual rooms take tended to take their own washing and toilet facilities.

Single Room Occupancy

A single room occupancy is a single room dwelling or multiple-tenant building that houses one or two people in individual rooms. As the value of urban land has increased, many of these properties have been renovated and made available at higher prices. This has played a role in the displacement of lower-income people who in one case lived in these properties; it has also been cited every bit a reason for the visible rise in homelessness across America since the early 1980s.

Boott Boardinghouse Store: Boott Mills Boardinghouse and Storehouse, now restored and role of Lowell National Celebrated Park. Lowell, Massachusetts

Women in the Labor Strength

Women in the workforce take faced barriers, though they have greater access to education and employment in the contemporary era.

Learning Objectives

Hash out three factors that restrict women's admission to sure occupations

Fundamental Takeaways

Primal Points

• Women have participated in the workforce for as long as men take, nevertheless women have been challenged by inequality in the workforce.
• Historically, women'southward lack of access to college education finer excluded them from the exercise of well-paid and high status occupations.
• Admission to higher education remains a meaning barrier to women's full participation in the workforce in developing countries.
• The gender pay gap is the difference between male person and female earnings expressed as a per centum of male earnings.
• The feminization of the workplace is a label given to the trend towards greater employment of women and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

Key Terms

• Wage Gap: The difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male person earnings.
• occupation: A regular action performed in exchange for payment, including jobs and professions.
• Feminization of the Workplace: A label given to the trend towards greater employment of women and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

Women in the workforce earning wages or a salary are part of a mod phenomenon, one that adult at the aforementioned time as the growth of paid employment for men; yet women have been challenged past inequality in the workforce. Until modern times, legal and cultural practices, combined with the inertia of longstanding religious and educational conventions, restricted women'southward entry and participation in the workforce. Economic dependency upon men has had the same impact, particularly every bit occupations accept get professionalized over the nineteen^th and 20^th centuries.

Historically, women's lack of access to higher education had effectively excluded them from the practice of well-paid and high status occupations. Entry of women into the higher professions like law and medicine was delayed in almost countries due to women being denied entry to universities and qualification for degrees; for example, Cambridge University but fully validated degrees for women late in 1947, and even then only afterwards much opposition and begrudging debate.

Barriers to Equal Participation

As gender roles have followed the formation of agricultural and so industrial societies, newly developed professions and fields of occupation take been oft inflected by gender. Some examples of the ways in which gender affects a field include: prohibitions or restrictions on members of a item gender entering a field or studying a field; discrimination within a field, including wage, management, and prestige hierarchies; expectation that mothers, rather than fathers, should be the primary childcare providers.

Access to Pedagogy and Training

A number of occupations became "professionalized" through the 19^th and 20^th centuries, gaining regulatory bodies, and passing laws or regulations requiring particular higher educational requirements. Equally women's admission to higher education was often express, this effectively restricted women'due south participation in these professionalizing occupations. For instance, women were completely forbidden access to Cambridge University until 1868, and were burdened with a variety of restrictions until 1987, when the academy adopted an equal opportunity policy. Numerous other institutions in the Usa and Western Europe began opening their doors to women over the same period of time, but admission to college pedagogy remains a significant bulwark to women'southward full participation in the workforce in developing countries.

Access to Capital letter

Women'south access to occupations requiring upper-case letter outlays is as well hindered past their diff access to capital; this affects occupations such as entrepreneur and small concern owner, subcontract ownership, and investor. Numerous microloan programs attempt to redress this imbalance, targeting women for loans or grants to institute offset-upward businesses or farms, having adamant that aid targeted to women tin disproportionately do good a nation'due south economy.

Discrimination within Occupations

The gender pay gap is the divergence between male and female earnings expressed equally a percentage of male earnings, according to the OECD. The European Committee defines it every bit the average difference between men and women's hourly earnings. There is a contend to what extent this is the result of gender differences, implicit discrimination due to lifestyle choices (eastward.g., number of hours worked, need for maternity get out), or because of explicit discrimination. The 2008 edition of the Employment Outlook report by the Arrangement for Economic Co-operation and Evolution (OECD) found that, while female employment rates have expanded considerably and the gender employment and wage gaps accept narrowed virtually everywhere, women still have twenty% less chance to take a job than men, on boilerplate, and they are paid 17% less than their male counterparts.

Feminization of the Workplace

In response to the force per unit area from feminism and cultural trends highlighting characteristics in workers that have culturally been associated with women, feminization of the workplace is a characterization given to the trend towards greater employment of women, and of men willing and able to operate with these more 'feminine' modes of interaction.

OECD Gender Pay Gap: Gender Pay Gap in xix OECD countries according to the 2008 OECD Employment Outlook report

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